No-one immediately claimed responsibility for the bombing and the Taliban quickly denied they were behind the attack in Kabul.
First vice president Amrullah Saleh suffered minor burns in the attack.
Mr Saleh, who is also Afghanistan’s former intelligence chief, said in his first television appearance immediately after the attack that he was fine and had suffered only slight burns.
He appeared in the TV footage with bandages on one hand.
“Me and my younger son who was also with me are fine,” Mr Saleh said in the footage.
“I have slight burns on my face and hand from the wave of the blast. I don’t have exact details right now, but I apologise to those who suffered casualties and those who lost their property in the attack.”
His spokesman Razwan Murad called the attack a “vicious terrorist attempt”.
The roads in the vicinity of the bombing were closed off.
The Interior Ministry said the bomb went off as Mr Saleh’s convoy was passing through a section of Kabul with shops that sell gas cylinders for use in heating homes and cooking.
The blast ignited a fire that set ablaze a number of shops.
The explosion left behind a scene of destruction – at least 10 shops were smouldering in the aftermath of the explosion that had also shattered windows of dozens of nearby homes, some with doors hanging off their hinges.
Cars were wrecked and debris was scattered around.
The Interior Ministry’s spokesman Tariq Arian confirmed to The Associated Press earlier that the bombing targeted Mr Saleh’s convoy.
Initially, Mr Arian said at least two civilians died but the death toll later rose to 10.
The ministry said at least 15 people were wounded.
Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahed was quick to deny the insurgents were involved in any way, saying that “today’s explosion in Kabul has nothing to do with the Mujahedeen of the Islamic Emirate”, as the Taliban call themselves.
Both the insurgents and so-called Islamic State are active in Kabul, where tensions are also high ahead of the expected start of negotiations between an official Afghan delegation and the Taliban.
Washington has been ramping up pressure on both sides to get the talks under way.
America’s peace envoy Zalmay Khalilzad is in Qatar, where the Taliban maintain a political office, trying to get the negotiations started.
The negotiations, known as intra-Afghan talks, were envisaged as part of a peace deal the US signed with the Taliban in Qatar in February to end America’s longest war.
At the time, the talks were cast as Afghanistan’s best chance at peace after decades of conflict.
Kabul’s peace negotiation team is waiting in the Afghan capital to travel to the Qatari capital Doha for the talks but delays have been relentless.
In recent days, Washington, officials in Kabul and the Taliban have all indicated that they could get under way imminently.
The US-Taliban deal allows for the exit of American soldiers from Afghanistan.
However, the US troop pullout, which has already begun, does not hinge on the success of intra-Afghan talks but rather on commitments from the Taliban to fight against other militant groups – such as IS – and to prevent Afghanistan from being a staging arena for attacks against the US and its allies.
