The Arctic region has had its second-warmest year since 1900, continuing a pattern of extreme heat, ice melt and environmental transformation at the top of the world, scientists reported Tuesday.
In the 15th annual Arctic Report Card, released by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), researchers detail the stark ways in which climate change is altering the long-frozen region.
“Taken as a whole, the story is unambiguous,” Alaska-based climate scientist Rick Thoman, one of the report's editors, said in a statement.
“The transformation of the Arctic to a warmer, less frozen and biologically changed region is well underway.”
Among the milestones hit this year was the second-lowest minimum sea ice extent in the satellite record, at 3.74 million square kilometres reached on September 15th.
That was beaten only by the low in 2012, when a late-season cyclonic storm broke up much of that year's remaining ice. The minimum sea ice extent has never risen above its level in 2007 since then.
Fragile
"When the report card started 15 years ago, I wrote about how low it was then. But I’d trade that low for what we're seeing now any day," said co-author Donald Perovich, a sea ice geophysicist at Dartmouth University.
The September average extent this year was 3.9 million square kilometres. In 2005, it was 5.6 million square kilometres.
The sea ice is also thinner, younger and more fragile and vanishing sea ice is leading to warmer Arctic waters, the report said, as sunlight permeated the ocean rather than bouncing off the white surface of ice.
Mean sea-surface temperatures in the Arctic Ocean in August were one degree to three degrees Celsius above the 1982-to-2010 average, the report said, with "exceptionally warm" temperatures seen in the Laptev and Kara seas off Russia early in the year.
These changes are having consequences for people living today
"We're starting to see more of these feedbacks," Mr Perovich said. Research on the Arctic now "is more than an intellectual exercise in understanding nature. These changes are having consequences for people living today."
The warmer waters were also connected to warmer air over Arctic lands, triggering glacial melt along the fringes of the Arctic Ocean. A record-hot summer in Siberia, linked to climate change, led to massive wildfires in the area as well as delaying the refreezing of the Arctic Ocean.
It also led to the lowest June snow cover in Eurasia since records began in 1967, the report said. Overall, the annual snow cover on land has been decreasing since 1981 at a rate of 3.7 per cent per decade - with an even steeper decrease of 15 per cent per decade for the May-June period, the report said.
From year to year, the warming trend has shifted to focus on different areas around the Arctic. This year's warmth centred around Siberia. In 2019, the hotspots were around the Bering and Chukchi seas off Alaska, with soaring water temperatures and widespread bird and mammal die-offs recorded.
Water entering the ocean from melting glaciers and the ice sheet covering Greenland is raising global sea levels. In 2019, the most recent year for which glacier data is available – and a record-hot year in Alaska – the state's glaciers lost more mass than in any other year on record, the report card said.
