Masks have returned to the streets of New Delhi as residents grapple with the annual surge in air pollution that has engulfed the Indian capital region.
Primary schools have been ordered to shut this week and polluting vehicles and construction banned as a thick cover of smog hangs over the city.
Authorities have warned the pollution will worsen with Diwali, the Hindu festival of light that features the lighting of firecrackers, taking place this weekend.
Officials struggle to rein in severe air pollution levels, an annual and chronic health crisis that disrupts the lives of over 20 million people in New Delhi every year.
On Tuesday, the air quality index veered close to the 400 mark for tiny particulate matter, a level considered hazardous and more than 10 times the global safety threshold, according to Safar, India’s main environmental monitoring agency. It is the fifth consecutive day of bad air in the region.
“There’s too much smog. I’m watching the air quality index and I’m scared about this climate,” said Srinivas Rao, a visitor from Andhra Pradesh state who wore a mask as he took a morning walk near the city’s India Gate monument.
Authorities have deployed water sprinklers and anti-smog guns to control the haze and announced a fine of 20,000 rupees (£195) for drivers found using petrol and diesel cars, buses and trucks that create smog.
Meanwhile, doctors have advised residents to wear masks and avoid going outside as much as possible because the smog could trigger respiratory infections, flu and asthma attacks.
The pollution also threatens to disrupt the ongoing Cricket World Cup, hosted by India, after the Sri Lankan team had to cancel their training session in New Delhi over the weekend, before they faced Bangladesh on Monday at the Arun Jaitley Stadium.
Demand for air purifiers has risen in the past week, local media reported.
Residents like Renu Aggarwal, 55, are worried the smog will worsen as Diwali approaches. Her daughter has a pollen allergy that worsens with pollution.
“She cannot breathe. Even though we keep the doors and windows shut in our home, the pollution still affects her so much that even going to the washroom is difficult for her. And she gets breathless,” she said.
New Delhi tops the list almost every year of many Indian cities with poor air quality, particularly in the winter, when the burning of crop residues in neighbouring states coincides with cooler temperatures that trap hazardous smoke.
The burning of crop remnants at the start of the winter wheat-sowing season is a key contributor to the pollution in north India.
Authorities have been trying to discourage farmers by offering cash incentives to buy machines to do the job. But smoke from crop burning still accounts for 25% of the pollution in New Delhi, according to the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology in Pune.
New Delhi saw a sharp 32% rise in tiny particles in the air between 2019 and 2020, a dip of 43.7% in 2021, and a steady increase in 2022 and 2023, according to Respirer Living Sciences, an organisation that monitors air quality and other environmental factors.
The severe air pollution crisis affects every resident in the city, but the millions who work outdoors are even more vulnerable.
Gulshan Kumar, who drives an auto-rickshaw, said his nose, throat and eyes regularly fill up with dirt in the air.
His children plead with him to return to his hometown in Bihar state.
“They ask me why I work in this polluted and diseased city,” he said. “If I had had employment back home, I wouldn’t have come to Delhi to work.”
