Israel has killed a string of senior Hamas military figures and pounded three multi-storey towers as it hammered the Gaza Strip with air strikes and militants in the territory fired barrages of rockets.
Dozens have died in the most severe outbreak of violence since a 2014 war, with no resolution in sight.
The fighting has taken on many hallmarks of that devastating 50-day conflict between Israel and Hamas, but with a startling new factor: a burst of fury from Israel’s Palestinian citizens in support of those living in the territories as well as counterviolence by Jewish Israelis.
In response, Israel has deployed border guards in two mixed Arab-Jewish cities that saw unrest in previous days, including the burning of a Jewish-owned restaurant and a synagogue, the fatal shooting of an Arab man and attacks on Arab-owned cars.
It was a rare use of the paramilitary force, which normally puts down protests by Palestinians in the West Bank and east Jerusalem.
Palls of grey smoke rose in Gaza, as Israeli air strikes struck apartment towers and hammered multiple Hamas security installations.
In Israel, hundreds of rockets fired by Gaza’s Hamas rulers and other militants at times overwhelmed missile defences and brought air raid sirens and explosions echoing across Tel Aviv, Israel’s biggest metropolitan area, and other cities.
The death toll in Gaza rose to 53 Palestinians, including 14 children and three women, according to the Health Ministry.
At least 320 have been wounded, including 86 children and 39 women.
Six Israelis were killed by rocket fire, including the first death of an Israeli soldier in this round of conflict, along with three women and a child.
Dozens in Israel have been wounded.
There was no sign that either side is willing to back down.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has vowed to expand the offensive, saying “this will take time”.
Hamas has called for a full-scale intifada, or uprising.
The last such uprising began in 2000 and lasted more than five years.
The latest eruption of violence began a month ago in Jerusalem, where heavy-handed police tactics during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan and the threatened eviction of dozens of Palestinian families by Jewish settlers ignited protests and clashes with police.
A focal point was the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, a site sacred to Jews and Muslims.
Late on Monday, Hamas, claiming to be “defending Jerusalem”, launched a barrage of rockets at the city, escalating the ground tensions into a new Israel-Hamas punching match.
Since then, militants have fired more than 1,050 rockets from Gaza, according to the Israeli military, and Israel has conducted hundreds of strikes in the tiny territory where two million Palestinians have lived under a crippling Israeli-Egyptian blockade since Hamas took power in 2007.
Two infantry brigades were sent to the area, indicating preparations for a possible ground invasion.
On Wednesday, Israel stepped up its targeting of Hamas’s military wing.
The military and internal security agency said they carried out a “complex and first-of-its-kind operation” that killed the Hamas commander in charge of Gaza City, the highest-ranking Hamas military figure killed by Israel since 2014, and several other senior militants involved in rocket production.
In one of the fiercest attacks, Israeli fighter jets dropped two bombs on a 14-storey building in Gaza City, collapsing it.
The building, located on the city’s busiest shopping street in the Roman neighbourhood, housed businesses in addition to offices for Hamas’s Al-Aqsa satellite channel.
Air strikes also brought down a 12-storey office building, housed Hamas offices as well as other businesses, and heavily damaged a nine-storey building with residential apartments, medical companies, a dental clinic and, Israel said, Hamas intelligence offices.
In both cases, Israel fired warning shots, allowing people to flee.
Soon after, Hamas fired 100 rockets at the Israeli desert town of Beersheba in what it said was retaliation.
Samah Haboub, a mother of four in Gaza, said she was thrown across her bedroom in a “moment of horror” by an air strike on an apartment tower next door.
She and her children, aged three to 14, ran down the stairway of their apartment block along with other residents, many of them screaming and crying.
“There is almost no safe place in Gaza,” she said.
One strike hit a taxi in Gaza City, killing a man, woman and driver insider, and a second strike killed two men nearby on the street, witnesses who brought the bodies told the AP at the hospital.
Several other bystanders were wounded.
In the Israeli city of Lod, a 52-year-old Arab Israeli citizen and his 16-year-old daughter were killed when a rocket from Gaza hit the courtyard of their home.
An Israeli soldier was killed in a strike by an anti-tank missile from Gaza.
The Jerusalem turmoil and the ensuing battle come at a time when the long-stalled Israeli-Palestinian peace process is virtually non-existent, fuelling Palestinian frustration.
It has been seven years since the two sides held formal negotiations.
Israel’s political scene pays little attention, and the peace process was hardly an issue in the country’s string of recent elections.
Arab nations, including several that recently reached normalisation deals with Israel, rarely push for any resolution.
The result has left the nearly five million Palestinians in the West Bank, Gaza Strip and east Jerusalem living in a limbo.
Now, the recent fighting has unleashed protests in Arab communities in Israel.
“An intifada erupted in Lod, you have to bring in the army,” the central Israeli city’s mayor Yair Revivo said.
Lod saw heavy clashes after thousands of mourners joined a funeral for an Arab man killed the previous night.
With the deployment of border guards in Lod and the coastal city of Acre, Mr Netanyahu warned he was prepared to use “an iron fist if necessary”, and urged Arab Israeli leaders to bring calm.
Still unclear is how this new outburst of fighting will affect Mr Netanyahu’s political future.
He failed to form a government coalition after inconclusive parliamentary elections in March, and now his political rivals have three weeks to try to form one.
The longer the fighting drags on, the more it could hamper their attempts at a coalition; it could also boost Mr Netanyahu if yet another election is held, since security is his strong suit with the public.
