US federal officials have proposed designating the Northern long-eared bat, once common but ravaged by a deadly fungus, as an endangered species.
The population has plummeted since colonies infected with white-nose syndrome were spotted in New York state caves in the mid-2000s.
The bat is likely to go extinct without a dramatic turnaround in fortunes, the US Fish and Wildlife Service said.
“It’s going to be difficult but we’re going to do everything humanly possible to stop the decline,” said Charlie Wooley, director of the service’s Midwest region.
White-nose syndrome, a fungal disease deadly to bats, is taking its toll on northern long-eared bats, which are in decline. Based on the best available science, we propose changing their status from threatened to endangered under the Endangered Species Act https://t.co/aSIgwGXa4x pic.twitter.com/sIaPYvrjDh
Advertisement— USFWS News (@USFWSNews) March 22, 2022
Named after the white, fuzzy spots that appear on infected bats, white-nose syndrome attacks their wings, muzzles and ears as they hibernate in caves and abandoned mines.
It causes them to become active and sometimes fly outside too soon, causing them to burn up their winter fat stores and eventually starve.
Where the fungus originated is unknown but scientists say it may be carried on people’s clothes and shoes. It has spread to a dozen US bat species, but the Northern long-eared is among the hardest hit.
Found in 37 Central and Eastern states and much of Canada, the bat roosts alone or in small groups during summer in tree cavities or crevices, or beneath the bark. Emerging at dusk, it flits through forests to feed on moths, beetles and other insects.
Bats are believed to give US agriculture a three billion dollar (£2.28 billion) yearly boost by eating pests and pollinating some plants.
The Fish and Wildlife Service listed the Northern long-eared as threatened in 2015. Since then, white-nose syndrome has spread across nearly 80% of its range and is expected to cover it all by 2025, prompting the proposal for the more severe designation.
Shauna Marquardt, supervisor of the agency’s ecological field office for Minnesota and Wisconsin, said scientists have no estimate of how many of the flying mammals remain.
But they have recorded drop-offs of 97-100% in caves where population surveys have been taken for decades.
Ms Marquardt said: “There might have been thousands before and now we’re seeing fewer than 100, and in some cases they’re absent completely.”
Officials will seek public opinion through until May 23 and decide in November whether to approve the “endangered” designation, which would make it illegal to kill the bats.
Under the “threatened” status, the agency sets rules to conserve the creatures, but can allow small numbers to be sacrificed for economic development projects.
Preservation efforts include working with loggers, power companies, road builders and other industries to protect trees where the bats nest in summer and give birth, Mr Wooley said. Winter hibernation areas also need security, he said.
“We have a strong foundation in place for working with stakeholders to conserve the bat while allowing economic activities within the range to continue to occur, and will continue to build on these,” an agency statement said.
Wind turbines also pose a danger to migrating bats, although much less than white-nose syndrome, Ms Marquardt said. The wind energy industry has 16 habitat conservation plans and is developing 13 others, she said.
The US Fish and Wildlife Service is leading a campaign involving more than 150 agencies, private organisations and tribes to research white-nose syndrome, reduce its presence where bats hibernate and help them recover.
Work on a vaccine is under way, Ms Marquardt said.
