A 25-year-old man with no known immune disorders or underlying conditions was infected with Covid-19 on two separate occasions, according to a study published in the Lancet Infectious Diseases journal.
While the authors said further research is required, they added that the findings indicate previous exposure to the virus may not guarantee total immunity, and that all individuals should comply with control measures.
NEW—Study confirms first case of #COVID19 reinfection in the USA, indicating exposure to the virus may not translate to total immunity: finding from a case study from the University of Nevada @TheLancetInfDis https://t.co/sx5Qzg5N72 pic.twitter.com/1KTFSXqP7N
— The Lancet (@TheLancet) October 12, 2020
It is the fifth confirmation of reinfection worldwide, researchers said, with at least four other cases confirmed in Belgium, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, and Ecuador.
The second infection of the patient, who lives in Washoe County, Nevada, was more severe than the first and resulted in him needing hospital treatment with oxygen support.
Researchers from the Nevada State Public Health Laboratory and the University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine said he tested positive for the virus in April this year, and later tested negative on two separate occasions.
Experiencing Covid-19 symptoms in June, including fever, headache, dizziness, cough, nausea and diarrhoea, he was admitted to hospital and tested positive for a second time.
Genetic sequencing of the virus showed he was infected twice by different strains of Sars-CoV-2, according to researchers.
Lead author Mark Pandori, of the Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, said: “It is important to note this is a singular finding and does not provide generalisability of this phenomenon.
the possibility of reinfections could have significant implications for our understanding of Covid-19 immunity, especially in the absence of an effective vaccine
“While more research is needed, the possibility of reinfections could have significant implications for our understanding of Covid-19 immunity, especially in the absence of an effective vaccine.
“It also strongly suggests that individuals who have tested positive for Sars-CoV-2 should continue to take serious precautions when it comes to the virus, including social distancing, wearing face masks, and handwashing.”
He added that more research was needed to understand how long immunity may last for those exposed to the virus, and why second infections, while rare, present as more severe.
The authors gave several explanations on the severity of the second infection, including the patient encountering a very high dose of the virus when he was reinfected.
He may have also come into contact with a more virulent version of the virus, according to researchers.
They added that confirmed reinfections had occurred among patients who showed symptoms, meaning that reinfections could occur among those who are asymptomatic and therefore go undetected.
Mr Pandori added: “Overall, there is a lack of comprehensive genomic sequencing of positive Covid-19 cases both in the USA and worldwide, as well as a lack of screening and testing, which limits the ability of researchers and public health officials to diagnose, monitor, and obtain genetic tracking for the virus.”
