Germany has begun random checks at its borders with five Western European nations as it seeks to crack down on irregular migration, expanding a system of controls that are already in place at four other borders.
The police controls began at the borders with France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Denmark on Monday morning and are due to continue for six months.
Germany has already been carrying out the checks at its borders with Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria and Switzerland since last year.
Germany, a European Union member, announced last week that it was expanding border checks to all nine of its land borders this week as part of an effort to crack down on irregular migration and crime following recent extremist attacks.
Last month, a knife attack blamed on a Syrian asylum seeker in Solingen killed three people.
The suspect claimed to be inspired by the so-called Islamic State group.
In June, a knife attack attributed to an Afghan immigrant left a police officer dead and four other people wounded.
The border controls are testing European unity because they are seen by some as a step away from the spirit of the EU’s free travel arrangement known as Schengen.
The freedom Europeans have to travel freely across borders for work and pleasure is one of the most beloved benefits of the EU.
Germany, the EU’s largest country, is located in the heart of Europe and borders more countries than any other EU member.
Some trade unions have expressed concerns that the controls could hurt trade.
But a return to a past system with closed borders and mandatory border checks for every person crossing the border is not on the cards.
Still, German police say the expanded checks already pose a major challenge to them.
Andreas Rosskopf, the head of Germany’s Federal Police Union, said anyone crossing the border into Germany should now expect to be checked.
But he also acknowledged that given the length of the country’s borders, police realistically will not be able to stop and check every vehicle.
Mr Rosskopf noted that Germany has 1,400 kilometres (870 miles) on its western border, in addition to the 2,400 kilometres (1,490 miles) along its eastern and southern borders where the checks were already taking place.
He said in an interview on RBB24 Inforadio that “given the length of the border, permanent and intensive checks are not possible”.
Mr Rosskopf added that “it remains to be seen how successful it will be in curbing migration and people smuggling”.
According to the EU, member states are allowed to temporarily reintroduce controls at the EU’s so-called internal borders in case of a serious threat, such as one to internal security.
But it also says border controls should be applied as a last resort in exceptional situations and must be time-limited.
Such limitations are often put in place during major sporting events, including the recent Olympic Games in Paris and the European football championship.
The unpopular coalition government of Chancellor Olaf Scholz has imposed the border controls as it seeks to crack down on irregular immigration after the far right did well in two recent state elections in eastern Germany.
Another is coming next Sunday in Brandenburg, the state surrounding Berlin.
