The Polish and German presidents bowed their heads to the sound of a military drum as they paid tribute on Thursday to Poles killed by Nazi Germany during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 on the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of the ill-fated revolt.
As Poland marked the day, news broke that the oldest surviving insurgent in the uprising, Barbara Sowa, 106, died in the morning.
With few survivors left to take part in the ceremonies, it was a poignant reminder of the passing away of the generation shaped by the sacrifice of Second World War.
Later, the city will stop and sirens will sound to pay tribute to the insurgents.
US singer Taylor Swift, who is giving the first of three concerts Thursday evening in Warsaw, warned her fans on social media not to panic when they hear the sirens. Many are travelling from far away for the performance.
Polish President Andrzej Duda and German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier stood together, heads bowed, in remembrance. They paid tribute to the Wola Massacre, the mass murder of civilians of Warsaw’s Wola district carried out by the Nazis from August 5 to August 12, 1944.
“They were led out of their homes, tenement houses, their homes were set on fire, and they themselves were shot in the streets, and their bodies were burned. Several tons of ashes were collected from the streets and squares of Wola, in order to place them in a common grave,” Mr Duda said.
That Mr Steinmeier “lays a wreath, bows his head, kneels before the commemorative cross,” calls for respect, said Mr Duda, speaking for the nation under brutal occupation from 1939-1945, which suffered the extermination of millions of its citizens, Christian and Jewish, and the near-total destruction of its capital city.
Many Poles feel the gestures of remorse are not enough, and the previous nationalist government in power from 2015-23 — allied with Mr Duda — demanded £1.02 trillion from Germany in war reparations.
Germany says it will not pay and the matter was settled with compensation paid to East Bloc nations in the years after the war and with territory given up to Poland.
The government of Prime Minister Donald Tusk, which took power last December, has toned down the demands but says it would still like Berlin to consider possibilities for compensation.
Warsaw’s revolt began August 1, 1944, by the clandestine Home Army, which acted on orders from Poland’s government-in-exile in London.
The aim was to free the capital from Nazi occupiers and take control of the country ahead of the advancing Soviet army. Moscow, intending to rule postwar Poland, withheld help and kept its Red Army positioned on the other side of the Vistula River as the capital burned.
The Nazis, with their professional army and superior weaponry, killed 200,000 Polish fighters and civilians and razed the city in revenge.
Today the uprising is remembered by Poles as one of the most important moments in a long history of independence struggles, often against Russia.
