Researchers at the Universities of Sheffield, Belfast, Bristol, Glasgow, Oxford, St Andrews and Historic England, plus international colleagues, used measurements from almost 15,000 samples from objects dating back as far as 60,000 years ago, as part of a seven-year project.
Using the measurements they created new international radiocarbon calibration (IntCal) curves, which are fundamental across the scientific spectrum for accurately dating artefacts and making predictions about the future.
Radiocarbon dating has revolutionised the field of archaeology and environmental science
Radiocarbon dating is vital to fields such as archaeology and geoscience to date everything from the oldest modern human bones to historic climate patterns.
With this information archaeologists can restore historic monuments or study the demise of the Neanderthals.
Geoscientists on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) rely upon the curves to find out what the climate was like in the past to better understand and prepare for future changes.
Professor Paula Reimer, from Queen’s University Belfast and head of the IntCal project, said: “Radiocarbon dating has revolutionised the field of archaeology and environmental science.
“As we improve the calibration curve, we learn more about our history.
“The IntCal calibration curves are key to helping answer big questions about the environment and our place within it.”
The researchers have developed three curves dependent upon where the object to be dated is found.
The new curves, published in Radiocarbon, are IntCal20 for the Northern Hemisphere, SHCal20 for the Southern Hemisphere, and Marine20 for the world’s oceans.
Previous radiocarbon calibration curves, which were developed over the past 50 years, relied heavily on measurements taken from chunks of wood covering 10 to 20 years big enough to be tested for radiocarbon.
But advances in the testing methods mean the updated curves instead use tiny samples, such as tree-rings covering just single years, that provide previously impossible precision and detail in the new calibration curves.
Improvements in understanding of the carbon cycle have meant the curves now extend all the way to the limit of the radiocarbon technique 55,000 years ago.
Radiocarbon dating is the most frequently used approach for dating the last 55,000 years and underpins archaeological and environmental science.
First developed in 1949, it depends upon two isotopes of carbon called stable 12C and radioactive 14C.
When alive, a plant or animal takes in new carbon, so has the same ratio of these isotopes as the atmosphere at the time.
But once an organism dies it stops taking in new carbon – the stable 12C remains, but the 14C decays at a known rate.
By measuring the ratio of 14C to 12C left in an object the date of its death can be estimated.
If the level of atmospheric 14C were constant, this would be easy.
However, it has fluctuated significantly throughout history, and in order to date organisms precisely scientists need a reliable historical record of its variation to accurately transform 14C measurements into calendar ages.
Researchers say the new IntCal curves provide this link.
Alex Bayliss, head of scientific dating at Historic England, said: “Accurate and high-precision radiocarbon dating underpins the public’s enjoyment of the historic environment and enables better preservation and protection.
“The new curves have internationally important implications for archaeological methodology, and for practices in conservation and understanding of wooden built heritage.”
