Like ghosts from the past, sunken villages at the bottom of water reservoirs are not meant to be seen. But the ruins of Kallio in the mountains of central Greece are becoming very much visible — and they have a warning to deliver.
As an unprecedented drought induced by climate change rampages across much of southern Europe this summer, reserves at the artificial Lake Mornos — the biggest of the four reservoirs supplying drinking water to Greece’s capital, Athens — have hit their lowest in 16 years.
The receding waters have exposed what was left of Kallio, a village submerged in the late 1970s to create the reservoir some 200 kilometres (125 miles) from Athens.
Colonies of freshwater mussels sprout from cracks in the muddy stonework — the now-empty shells tinkling like wind chimes in the breeze, blending with the sound of cowbells from herds grazing around the lake.
Greek authorities insist there is no cause for alarm, yet.
But if the drought continues and no action is taken, Athens could run out of water in about four years.
Officials advise Athenians to be conscious of their water consumption and preserve where they can.
Costas Koutsoubas, deputy mayor of the surrounding Doris municipality, says he is concerned for the future after a drought has lasted for three years.
“If the same weather pattern persists, if it doesn’t rain enough and there’s no snow, then next year we’ll be talking about a dramatic situation,” he says.
“We need it to pour in buckets, night and day, for five days.”
According to Eydap, the Athens water commission, total reserves for the city of about 3.6 million people fell to 678 million cubic meters in early September, from 1.13 billion cubic meters two years previously.
Lake Mornos now has about 335 million cubic meters of water — from 592 million in September 2022. That’s the lowest since 2008 when the lake’s reserves fell to 210 million cubic meters.
And it’s not just Athens. Over the past two years, most of Greece has suffered dry winters and record-hot summers, which contributed to a spate of destructive summer wildfires.
Last month, a blaze north east of Athens gutted scores of homes and scorched a land area almost twice the size of Manhattan.
As the tourism-reliant country sees record numbers of foreign arrivals — and a summer spike in water consumption — some parts of the country face cuts in drinking water, empty irrigation reservoirs and drying boreholes.
Last week, the Environment and Energy Ministry said Eydap would reopen existing boreholes north of Athens and draw water from a fallback reservoir.
It would also take additional action over the next four years, to reduce network leaks, tap rivers further afield and recycle wastewater for irrigation and industrial use, the ministry said.
“Finally, if the circumstances require it, at some later point, water-saving actions will be implemented,” a ministry statement said without elaborating.
“Everyone is advised to join in the common effort through rational use of water reserves,” it added.
There is concern that more — and worse — is coming. Climate change, with human-generated greenhouse gas emissions and rising temperatures, has increased the risk of droughts.
Back when the reservoir was created, Kallio’s 60 to 70 village homes and a half-dozen water mills seemed a small sacrifice for the greater good. The few of its inhabitants who didn’t move to Athens or other cities relocated to higher ground, above the lake.
With the reservoir levels sinking, they can now see the ruins of their old homes.
“We were very upset to leave, it was a great village,” said Constantinos Gerodimos, a 90-year-old farmer.
“We had lots of water, orchards with fruit trees, you name it,” he said. “People from other villages would come here to get water.”
