Some global companies are still operating in Russia more than a year on from the country’s invasion of Ukraine.
Firms were quick to respond to the full-scale war, which broke out last February, with some saying they would quit Russia immediately and others curtailing imports or new investment.
Billions of pounds of factories, energy holdings and power stations were written off or put up for sale, accompanied by fierce condemnation of the war and expressions of solidarity with Ukraine.
But more than 12 months on it is clear leaving Russia was not as simple as the first announcements may have made it seem.
Increasingly, Russia has put hurdles in the way of companies that want out, requiring approval by a government commission and in some cases from President Vladimir Putin himself, while imposing painful discounts and taxes on sale prices.
Though companies’ stories vary, a common theme is having to thread an obstacle course between western sanctions and outraged public opinion on one side and Russia’s efforts to discourage and penalise departures on the other.
Some international brands such as Coke and Apple are trickling in informally through third countries despite a decision to exit.
Many companies are simply staying put, sometimes citing responsibility to shareholders or employees or legal obligations to local franchisees or partners.
Others argue they are providing essentials like food, farm supplies or medicine.
Some say nothing.
One is Italian fashion chain Benetton, whose store at Moscow’s now ironically named Evropeisky Mall — meaning “European” in Russian — was busy on a recent weekday evening, with customers browsing and workers tidying piles of brightly coloured clothing.
At Italian lingerie retailer Calzedonia, shoppers looked through socks and swimwear.
Neither company responded to emailed questions.
For consumers in Moscow, what they can buy has not changed much.
While baby products store Mothercare became Mother Bear under new local ownership, most of the items in the Evropeisky Mall shop still bear the Mothercare brand.
That is also what student Alik Petrosyan saw as he shopped at Maag, which now owns Zara’s former flagship clothing store in Moscow.
“The quality hasn’t changed at all, everything has stayed the same,” he said.
“The prices haven’t changed much, taking into account the inflation and the economic scenarios that happened last year.”
“Overall Zara — Maag — had competitors,” Mr Petrosyan said, correcting himself, “but I wouldn’t say that there are any now with whom they could compete equally.
“Because the competitors who stayed are in a higher price segment but the quality doesn’t match up.”
The initial exodus from Russia was led by big car makers, oil, tech and professional services companies, with BP, Shell, ExxonMobil and Equinor ending joint ventures or writing off stakes worth billions.
McDonald’s sold its 850 restaurants to a local franchisee, while France’s Renault took a symbolic single ruble for its majority stake in Avtovaz, Russia’s largest car maker.
Since the initial wave of departures, new categories have emerged: companies biding their time, those struggling to shed assets and others attempting business as usual.
More than 1,000 international companies have publicly said they are voluntary curtailing Russian business beyond what is required by sanctions, according to a database by Yale University.
But the Kremlin keeps adding requirements, recently a “voluntary” 10% departure tax directly to the government, plus an understanding that companies would sell at a 50% discount.
Mr Putin recently said the government would take over the assets of Finnish energy company Fortum and Germany’s Uniper utility, barring a sale with an eye to offsetting any western moves to seize more Russian assets abroad.
Danish brewer Carlsberg announced its intention to divest its Russia business — one of Russia’s largest brewing operations — in March 2022 but faced complications clarifying the impact of sanctions and finding suitable buyers.
“This is a complex process and it has taken longer than we originally hoped for” but is now “almost completed”, said Tanja Frederiksen, global head of external communications.
She called the Russia business a deeply integrated part of Carlsberg.
Separating it has involved all parts of the company and more than 100 million Danish kroner (£11.7 million) in investment in new brewing equipment and IT infrastructure, Ms Frederiksen said.
Another beer giant, Anheuser-Busch InBev, is trying to sell a stake in a Russian joint venture to Turkey-based partner Anadolu Efes and has forgone revenue from it.
Companies are lost in “a Bermuda Triangle between EU sanctions, US sanctions and Russia sanctions,” said Michael Harms, executive director of the German Eastern Business Association.
They must find a partner not sanctioned by the West.
In Russia, major business figures are often people who are “well connected with the government”, Mr Harms said.
“For one thing, they have to sell at a large discount or almost give assets away, and then they go to people whom politically we don’t like — people who are close to the regime.”
The 10% exit tax mandated by Russia is particularly tricky.
American companies would have to get permission from the Treasury Department to pay it or fall foul of US sanctions, said Maria Shagina, a sanctions expert at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in Berlin.
Hundreds of companies quietly decided not to leave.
In a rare, frank explanation, Steffen Greubel, CEO of German cash and carry firm Metro AG, said at this year’s shareholder meeting the company condemns the war “without any ifs, ands or buts”.
But the decision to stay was motivated by a responsibility for 10,000 local employees and is “also in the interest of preserving the value of this company for its shareholders”, he said.
Metro gets around 10% of its annual sales from Russia — more than 2.9 billion euros (£2.52 billion).
Meanwhile, shelves are just as full as before the war at Globus superstores, a Germany-based chain with some 20 locations operating in Moscow.
A closer look reveals that most western beer brands have vanished and many cosmetic brands have jumped in price by some 50% to 70%.
There are more vegetables from Russia and Belarus, which cost less.
Procter & Gamble products are still abundant — despite the company’s withdrawal from Russia.
Globus says it has “drastically” cut new investment but kept its stores open to ensure food supply for people, noting food has not been sanctioned and citing “the threat of confiscation of considerable asset value through a forced nationalisation as well as severe consequences in criminal law for our local management”.
Similarly, Germany’s Bayer AG, which supplies medicine, agricultural chemicals and seeds, argues doing some business in Russia is the right move.
“Withholding essential healthcare and agriculture products from the civilian populations — like cancer or cardiovascular treatments, health products for pregnant women and children as well as seeds to grow food — would only multiply the war’s ongoing toll on human life,” the company said in a statement.
Jeffrey Sonnenberger, head of the Yale database, said leaving was the only valid business decision, citing research showing company share prices rising afterward.
“The companies that have pulled out have been rewarded for pulling out,” he said.
“It is not good for shareholders to be associated with Putin’s war machine.”
Marianna Fotaki, professor of business ethics at Warwick Business School, says business is “not just about the bottom line. … You don’t want to be an accomplice to what is a criminal regime.”
Even if competitors stay, she said, “following the race to the bottom” is not the answer.
