A year ago, Sido Naji woke to his house shaking in north-west Syria.
He was used to the sounds of shelling and air strikes after more than a decade of war, but this time the assailant was a force of nature: a massive earthquake.
The 16-year-old and his father managed to flee before their house collapsed. As they zig-zagged through a crowded street in Jinderis in Aleppo province, a stone wall crashed on to them, crushing the boy’s leg and breaking his arm.
The devastating 7.8-magnitude earthquake on February 6, 2023 killed more than 59,000 people in Syria and Turkey.
For its survivors in Syria, the massive tremor compounded already rampant poverty, destroyed hospitals and electrical and water systems, and forced many Syrians already displaced by war to move into tented settlements.
In Jinderis, as in many of Syria’s earthquake-hit areas, there has been nearly no reconstruction and huge areas still lie in rubble.
Sido, whose leg was amputated, lives in a muddy tent.
“It’s cold at night and there is no lumber (for heating) or anything,” he said.
Syria has been wracked by an uprising-turned-civil war since 2011, and the conflict in the opposition-held north-western enclave is at its worst in years. Syrian and Russian military shelling and strikes have killed dozens of people and displaced more than 100,000 others since August.
The earthquake killed at least 6,000 people in Syria, mainly in the north-west, where most of the 4.5 million people rely on humanitarian aid to survive. Some 800,000 people living in tents need to be rehoused.
The World Bank estimates the quake caused almost £4 billion in damage across northern Syria.
But the initial outpouring of international assistance quickly subsided.
United Nations agencies and other humanitarian organisations have been struggling to fund programmes that provide a lifeline in Syria, blaming donor fatigue, the Covid-19 pandemic, and conflicts elsewhere that have erupted in recent years.
The UN’s World Food Programme, which estimates more than 12 million Syrians lack regular access to food, announced in December that it would stop its main assistance programme in Syria in 2024.
Tanya Evans, the International Rescue Committee’s Syria director, said needs on both sides of Syria’s front line have never been higher.
“Families are facing rampant inflation coupled with loss of jobs, and having to make heartbreaking decisions about getting food on the table or going hungry,” she said.
Yasmine al-Ali at the Salah ad-Din camp in the Idlib countryside shivers as she tries to tie her ragged tent together and digs a ditch in the mud to stop water from flooding her makeshift home.
Patting a drenched mat inside the tent, she says: “Look, it’s just water and mud. We need new tents.”
Yasine al-Ahmad, who manages the camp of more than 500 families, said wood for heating is far too expensive so most people burn plastic instead, filling the camps with toxic smoke as they do whatever they can to get through the winter. Many have to skip meals due to food insecurity and rationing.
During a visit to north-west Syria last month, UN deputy regional humanitarian co-ordinator for the Syria crisis David Carden said: “There’s also been difficulties in supporting water stations, education services, medical support in hospitals.”
While the needs are growing, he said: “We cannot do more with less.”
The UN was only able to secure 37% of the £4.2 billion needed for its 2023 humanitarian response in Syria, which Mr Carden said was one of the lowest funding targets since the conflict started.
With a political solution nowhere in sight, Syria’s conflict has become a major obstacle for humanitarian organisations.
Rosa Cresanti, head of the World Health Organisation office in Gaziantep, Turkey, said: “It is hard to convince donors to build for longer term, for development.
“We are still in a humanitarian situation because of the ongoing conflict. This is the main reason why there are no long-term plans.”
Ahmed Koteich, a construction worker, said people have stopped waiting for aid and are trying to cobble together whatever resources they can to restore and restock their shops and farms.
“The international community said it stood with the residents, with their thoughts and rhetoric. But this talk won’t help the people here.”
