Democratic vice president Kamala Harris and Republican former President Donald Trump face off in a presidential debate on Tuesday ahead of a November 5th election, upholding a tradition marked by some memorable moments of modern US political history:
- 1960: The first televised debate pitted Democratic nominee John F Kennedy against Republican vice president Richard Nixon, who was recovering from a hospital visit and had a 5 o'clock shadow, having refused makeup. The 70 million viewers focused on what they saw, not what they heard. Mr Kennedy won the election.
- 1976: In the first TV debate in 16 years, Democrat Jimmy Carter faced unelected incumbent Republican president Gerald Ford. In remarks seen as a major blunder, Ford said: "There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, and there never will be under a Ford administration." Mr Carter won the election.
- 1980: Mr Carter appeared in a second debate with Republican Ronald Reagan after boycotting the first for including third-party candidate John Anderson. The president accused Reagan of planning to cut Medicare healthcare funding for Americans 65 and older. Mr Reagan, who already had complained that Mr Carter was misrepresenting his stands on a number of issues, said: "There you go again" and chuckled, drawing audience laughter and coining a catchphrase. Mr Reagan won the election.
- 1984: Mr Reagan, 73, successfully defused the issue of his age when he debated Democrat Walter Mondale, 56, quipping: "I want you to know that also I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." Mr Reagan was re-elected.
- 1988: A debate against Republican vice president George HW Bush opened with Democrat Michael Dukakis being asked whether he would favour the death penalty for someone who raped and murdered his wife. The question offered a candidate dubbed "the iceman" by critics a chance to show his emotional side. His laborious response did just the opposite. Mr Bush won the election.
The vice presidential debate came alive when Dan Quayle, Mr Bush's running mate, compared himself politically to John F Kennedy. Democrat Lloyd Bentsen replied in quiet, deadly tones: "Senator, I served with Jack Kennedy. I knew Jack Kennedy. Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy."
- 1992: Three candidates - Mr Bush, Democrat Bill Clinton and independent Ross Perot - shared a stage. Mr Clinton won the election.
- 1996: In a debate with Mr Clinton, Republican Bob Dole was asked by a student whether, at 73, he was too old to understand the needs of young people. He replied that at his age, intelligence and experience meant he had the advantage of wisdom. Mr Clinton retorted: "I can only tell you that I don't think Senator Dole is too old to be president. It's the age of his ideas that I question." Mr Clinton was re-elected.
- 2000: In his first debate with Republican George W Bush, Democratic vice president Al Gore drew negative reviews for sighing loudly while Mr Bush spoke. "We all make mistakes. I've been known to mangle a syllable or two myself," Mr Bush said during their second debate, purposely mispronouncing "syllable". Mr Bush won the election.
- 2004: The last debate between Mr Bush and Democrat John Kerry offered voters a stark contrast in styles, with Mr Bush sticking to simple arguments while Mr Kerry released an array of facts to make his case. Mr Bush was re-elected.
- 2008: Sarah Palin, Republican John McCain's running mate, and Joe Biden, running with Democrat Barack Obama, clashed on the economy and Iraq during a lively but polite vice presidential debate. Ms Palin frequently displayed a folksy style. At one point, she said: "Aw, say it ain't so, Joe," adding a "doggone it" for good measure.
Mr Biden and Ms Palin both vowed to make US economic policy friendlier for middle-class workers, but Mr Biden said Mr McCain had called the fundamentals of the economy strong as the financial crisis broke out. The Obama-Biden ticket won the election.
- 2012: Mr Obama stumbled in his first debate with Republican Mitt Romney, surprising and worrying his supporters. But in their second debate, Mr Romney, responding to a question about gender pay equality, said he had "binders full of women" as candidates for cabinet posts. The phrase became a meme on social media, with tweets, original artwork and a Facebook group spoofing Mr Romney. Mr Obama won again.
- 2016: The first debate between businessman Donald Trump and Democratic former secretary of state Hillary Clinton drew 84 million US television viewers, a record for a debate and a rare number in an age of digital streaming.
An exchange of insults dominated their second debate, with Ms Clinton jabbing at Mr Trump for sexually aggressive remarks about women he made on a just-uncovered 2005 videotape. Mr Trump sought to deflect criticism by accusing Bill Clinton, the candidate's husband, of having done worse to women.
In her book published in 2017, Ms Clinton wrote that in their second debate Trump made her skin crawl by stalking her around the stage, and she wondered if she should have told him to “back up, you creep".
Instead, she said, “I kept my cool, aided by a lifetime of dealing with difficult men trying to throw me off.” In the third debate, Mr Trump called Ms Clinton “such a nasty woman” and declined to say he would accept the election results. Mr Trump won the election.
- 2020: Down in opinion polls, then-president Trump came into his first debate with Mr Biden, the former vice president, looking for a fight. But his belligerence worked against him. He repeatedly interrupted Mr Biden and the moderator, Chris Wallace, to the point where the entire event veered out of control.
He attacked Mr Biden's family. Polls and focus groups conducted afterward showed swing voters were repulsed by his behaviour.
At one point when Mr Trump was interrupting him, Mr Biden said: "Will you shut up, man? This is so unpresidential."
Mr Wallace told Mr Trump: "I think the country would be better served if we allowed both people to speak with fewer interruptions. I'm appealing to you, sir, to do that."
Mr Trump, referring to Mr Biden, responded: "And him, too." Mr Wallace: "Well, frankly you've been doing more interrupting."
Mr Trump would later drop out of the second debate after it was switched to a virtual format in the wake of his Covid-19 diagnosis. He then adopted a more restrained tone for the final face-off with Biden.
At the vice presidential debate, a stray housefly briefly commanded the national stage, generating buzz when it perched on vice president Mike Pence's cropped white hair while he debated his Democratic rival, then-US senator Kamala Harris.
- June 27th, 2024: President Biden, 81, delivered a shaky, halting performance while former president Trump, 78, battered him with a series of often false attacks, as the two oldest presidential candidates ever exchanged insults.
Mr Biden's performance rattled fellow Democrats and deepened voter concerns his faculties had dulled with age.
The two candidates appeared with no live audience, and their microphones automatically cut off when it was not their turn to speak - both atypical rules imposed to avoid the chaos that derailed their first debate in 2020, when Mr Trump interrupted Mr Biden repeatedly.
The two men - who made little secret of their mutual dislike - did not shake hands or acknowledge each other before or after the debate. On July 21st, Mr Biden abandoned his re-election bid under growing pressure from fellow Democrats and endorsed vice president Harris as the party's candidate to face Mr Trump in the November 5th election.
Ms Harris, 59, formally accepted the nomination on August 22nd.
