The U.S. will impose 25 per cent tariffs on Canada and Mexico, along with 10 per cent on China, White House spokeswoman Karoline Leavitt said on Friday, but she declined to say whether there will be exemptions.
While the announcement of tariffs may roil financial markets and strain the U.S. relationship with its top two trading partners, offering a 28-day window before implementation and possible exemptions would suggest a more careful approach by the Trump administration.
It also would buy time for negotiations over actions by Canada and Mexico to meet Trump's stated goals for the duties to pressure the two U.S. neighbors to halt the flow of illegal immigrants and deadly fentanyl opioids across the U.S. border.
Trump's punitive duties and retaliatory tariffs from Canada and Mexico threaten to disrupt nearly $1.6 trillion (€1.5 trillion) in North American trade and effectively end a 30-year free trade system that has deeply integrated the three economies.
Trump hinted about possible exemptions on Thursday when he said he would soon decide whether to apply the tariffs to imports of Canadian and Mexican oil, an indication that he may be concerned about their impact on gasoline prices.
Crude oil is the top U.S. import from Canada and among the top five from Mexico, according to U.S. Census Bureau data.
Trump trade advisor Peter Navarro told CNBC on Friday that tariff revenue will help pay for the extension of Trump's 2017 tax cuts, which total some $4 trillion and expire this year.
Two sources familiar with the matter said that Trump was expected to invoke the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) as the legal basis for the tariffs, declaring a national emergency over fentanyl overdoses that killed nearly 75,000 Americans in 2023 and illegal immigration.
IEEPA, enacted in 1977 and modified after the Sept. 11th, 2001 attacks on the U.S., gives the president broad powers to impose economic sanctions in a crisis.
Among the trade law tools at Trump's disposal, it would give him the fastest path to imposing broad tariffs, as others require lengthy investigations by the Commerce Department or USTR.
Economists and business executives have warned that the tariffs would spark major increases in the prices of imports such as aluminum and lumber from Canada, fruits, vegetables, beer and electronics from Mexico and motor vehicles from both countries.
Tariffs are paid by firms that import goods and pass the costs on to consumers or accept lower profits, economists say.
"President Trump's tariffs will tax America first," said Matthew Holmes, public policy chief at the Canadian Chamber of Commerce. "From higher costs at the pumps, grocery stores and online checkout, tariffs cascade through the economy and end up hurting consumers and businesses on both sides of the border."
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on Friday said Canada would immediately respond with forceful countermeasures, adding "It's not what we want, but if he moves forward, we will also act."
Canada has drawn up detailed targets for immediate tariff retaliation, including duties on orange juice from Florida, Trump's adopted home state, a source familiar with the plan said. Canada has a broader list of targets that could reach C$150 billion worth of U.S. imports, but would hold public consultations before acting, the source said.
During Trump's first term, China targeted U.S. soybeans and other farm products, while the European Union hit iconic American products including bourbon whiskey and Harley-Davidson HOG.N motorcycles.
Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum said she would "wait with a cool head" for Trump's tariff decision and was prepared to continue a border dialogue.
"We will always defend the dignity of our people, respect for our sovereignty and a dialogue as equals without subordination," she said.
Sheinbaum previously said Mexico also would retaliate, arguing that Trump's tariffs would cost 400,000 U.S. jobs and drive up prices for U.S. consumers.
Trump last Sunday waged a 10-hour trade war of words with Colombian President Gustavo Petro, threatening the South American country with 25 per cent tariffs over its refusal to allow U.S. military flights loaded with Colombian deportees. The crisis ended when Petro agreed to accept the flights.
China has been more circumspect about its retaliation plans. Liu Pengyu, a spokesperson for China's embassy in Washington, emphasized China's cooperation with the U.S. on curbing fentanyl trafficking and said he hopes the U.S. "will not take China's goodwill for granted."
