Lihua Wu's journey to the United States started when she scrolled past the words The Route, one of several common hashtags on Douyin, the Chinese counterpart of TikTok, advising migrants on the irregular overland trek across Latin America to the United States, also known online as "the Big Beautiful".
By the time the single mother and her five-year-old daughter were apprehended by US Border Patrol on a dirt road near the US-Mexico border just before midnight on April 2nd, Ms Wu said she had relied on social media for detailed instructions for her trip, including footwear (Crocs as well as hiking boots) and how to find and pay for a reliable local guide.
The difficulty of obtaining US visas and the economic after-shocks of China’s Covid lockdowns have led to a sharp increase in Chinese nationals presenting at the US-Mexico border – and some of those arrivals, like Ms Wu, learned about how to come online, migrants, immigration experts, attorneys and current and former US officials, told Reuters.
Over the course of three weeks photographing and reporting from a remote border stretch in southeastern Texas, Reuters witnessed hundreds of Chinese migrants crossing into the United States and interviewed more than two dozen in Mandarin.
Private groups
All of those interviewed said they got the idea to take the land route to the United States on social media and drew on influencers, private groups and comments to plan their trips.
About half said they had been small business owners in China: running online stores, a sheep farm, a movie production company.
Some wore crosses and carried Chinese-language Bibles, saying they were Christians who felt they could not freely practice their religion at home. China's constitution guarantees religious freedom, but in recent years critics including the US government say Beijing has tightened restrictions on religions seen as a challenge to the authority of the ruling Communist party.
The Chinese Embassy in Washington said in an email that the government opposes illegal migration, which "is an international issue that requires cooperation between countries". It did not respond to a request for comment on the issue of religious freedom.
Short video app Douyin, owned by TikTok owner ByteDance, is one of the main sources of the Chinese tech giant's revenue overall, Reuters previously reported. ByteDance, which also owns Xigua Video, did not respond to requests for comments.
Apprehensions of Chinese nationals at the US-Mexico border reached more than 6,500 in the six months since October 2022, the highest on record and a more than 15-fold increase over the same period a year ago, according to US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) data.
While just a sliver of the hundreds of thousands of migrants arriving at the southwest border, Chinese people were the fastest growing demographic in those six months, CBP data show.
Language barrier
In a March 16th tweet, CBP Chief Border Patrol Agent Gloria Chavez in the Rio Grande Valley sector that includes Fronton said the increase was "creating a strain on our workforce due to the complexities of the language barrier & lengthens the processing".
CBP said in a statement that it works with inter-agency task forces to track increasing migration and target "transnational criminal organisations who are smuggling Chinese migrants, specifically."
The Department of Homeland Security, which oversees CBP, has said that social media and other online platforms have increased smugglers' access to potential migrants, creating an environment ripe for manipulation, which the agency has tried to combat with social media campaigns.
Even before her business collapsed, Ms Wu said she had considered emigration as an escape from the discrimination she said she experienced as an unmarried single mother. Her decision to leave China solidified during a Covid-related lockdown in October, November and December, which devastated the online makeup wholesaler she ran from the eastern city of Yiwu.
When Covid controls curbed package deliveries in China, Wu said her sales slumped from around six million yuan (€787,000) to one million yuan (€131,000).
Ms Wu initially thought about getting a US tourist visa and overstaying, but a travel agent advised she was unlikely to get a visa as a single mother.
Refusal rates among Chinese nationals for the most common US visitor visas reached 80 per cent in fiscal year 2021 and more than 30 per cent in 2022, the two highest years on record, according to State Department data. While US visa issuance globally has mostly recovered to pre-pandemic levels, the number of US visas issued from China last year remained 90 per cent below 2019's pre-pandemic levels.
Visa holders and border crossers can request US asylum on arrival if they fear persecution at home. Asylum seekers from China won in US immigration court 58 per cent of the time, according to US Justice Department data.
The State Department in an emailed statement said 2021 and 2022 "were not standard years". It said visa issuances were expected to increase as China "catches up on its passport backlog and air travel resumes after the end of the zero-Covid policy".
Other Chinese nationals, like Ms Wu, didn't wait.
Scrolling through her social media feeds, Wu came across "Baozai," an internet personality who gained tens of thousands of followers on Douyin, Xigua Video, YouTube and Twitter by posting videos about his migration to the United States.
Reuters was not able to independently confirm Baozai's identity and in messages to Reuters, he denied being an influencer and said he was just a migrant.
Baozai's original account "Baozai adventure the world alone" is shown as "blocked" on Douyin for violating "community self-discipline regulations".
He is now posting under a new account with the same name on Douyin, sticking to content about his life in the United States.
Douyin did not respond to a request for comment on Baozai.
Ms Wu said she sold her secondhand BMW and borrowed about 10,000 yuan from family and friends. She and her daughter flew to Ecuador - where Chinese nationals can enter visa-free - and, acting on advice she found on Douyin, sought out a vaccination for yellow fever.
It was a good idea before heading into the treacherous jungle region on the border of Colombia and Panama known as the Darien Gap, she had learned.
He is an internet celebrity in China.
At the clinic in Quito Ms Wu found a group of Chinese migrants who had contacted a local Colombian guide known only by his first name, "Carlos."
"He is an internet celebrity in China," Ms Wu said.
Ms Wu and several other migrants said Carlos and his associates charged around $1,230 per adult and $700 per child to arrange travel and hotels from Ecuador to Panama including a guided trek through the Darien.
Jungle tents and horses were also available for part of the trip for an extra fee, Ms Wu and the other migrants said.
A Reuters reporter contacted a Colombian man through a number shared on Douyin who answered when addressed as Carlos. Carlos, who declined to give his full name and said he did not illegally smuggle anyone across borders or take money from migrants. But he said he did help some Chinese people looking for bus and ferry tickets.
"Last year I did a favour for a Chinese man who was lost. I helped him find a ride, and then through that, my number was shared."
He said he refers callers to a friend in Ecuador who is a bus driver, whom he did not identify. "I don't accompany anyone, I don't want any problems with my country or with the law," he said. Reuters was unable to independently confirm his account.
Reuters found other social media accounts giving advice in Mandarin on crossing the US-Mexico border.
An April 7th, Twitter post from an account called Lee Gaga said smugglers mark the location of US Border Patrol agents on maps and advise migrants on how to surrender to them.
"Of course you can try and run, but that's not recommended."
In posts and in messages exchanged with Reuters, the Twitter user identified as Lee Gaga said he was now in the New York City area after a 37-day journey.
Twitter is blocked in China, but users may be able to access the platform through VPNs, or virtual private networks, that allow internet users to access overseas sites barred by authorities.
The Twitter poster went on: "I was released only after three days and three nights. I got lucky because the border policy has been good lately."
