Many poorer countries are scrambling to secure coronavirus vaccines and some, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO), have yet to receive any doses.
The WHO said about a dozen countries – many of them in Africa – are still waiting to get vaccines.
Those last in line on the continent include Chad, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Eritrea and Tanzania.
At the small hospital where Dr Oumaima Djarma works in Chad’s capital, there are no debates over which coronavirus vaccine is the best. There are simply no vaccines at all.
Not even for the doctors and nurses like her, who care for Covid-19 patients in Chad, one of the least-developed nations in the world where about a third of the country is engulfed by the Sahara desert.
“I find it unfair and unjust, and it is something that saddens me,” the 33-year-old infectious diseases doctor said. “I don’t even have that choice. The first vaccine that comes along that has authorisation, I will take it.”
“Delays and shortages of vaccine supplies are driving African countries to slip further behind the rest of the world in the Covid-19 vaccine rollout and the continent now accounts for only 1% of the vaccines administered worldwide,” the WHO warned on Thursday.
And in places where there are no vaccines, there is also the chance that new and concerning variants could emerge, said Gian Gandhi, Unicef’s Covax co-ordinator for supply division.
“So we should all be concerned about any lack of coverage anywhere in the world,” Mr Gandhi said, urging higher-income countries to donate doses to the nations that are still waiting.
While the total of confirmed Covid-19 cases among them is relatively low compared with the world’s hotspots, health officials say that figure is probably a vast undercount: The countries in Africa still waiting for vaccines are among those least equipped to track infections because of their fragile healthcare systems.
Chad has confirmed only 170 deaths since the pandemic began, but efforts to stop the virus entirely in the country have been elusive. Although the capital’s international airport was closed briefly last year, its first case came via someone who crossed one of Chad’s porous land borders illegally.
Regular flights from Paris and elsewhere have resumed, heightening the chance of increasing the 4,835 already confirmed cases.
The Farcha provincial hospital in N’Djamena is a gleaming new campus in an outlying neighbourhood.
Doctors Without Borders has helped supply oxygen for Covid-19 patients, and the hospital has 13 ventilators. The medics also have plenty of Chinese-made KN95 masks and hand sanitiser. Still, not a single employee has been vaccinated and none has been told when that might be possible.
That was easier to accept at the beginning of the pandemic, Dr Djarma said, because doctors all around the world lacked vaccines. That has changed dramatically after the development of shots in the West and by China and Russia that have gone to other poor African countries.
“When I hear, for example, in some countries that they’ve finished with medical staff and the elderly and are now moving on to other categories, honestly, it saddens me,” Dr Djarma said. “I ask them if they can provide us with these vaccines to at least protect the health workers.
“Everyone dies from this disease, rich or poor,” she says. “Everyone must have the opportunity, the chance to be vaccinated, especially those who are most exposed.”
"The inequitable distribution of vaccines is not just a moral outrage, it is also economically and epidemiologically self-defeating. I have said this many times and the gap is very tragic between the have and have-nots."-@DrTedros
— World Health Organization (WHO) (@WHO) May 8, 2021
Covax, the UN-backed programme to ship Covid-19 vaccines worldwide, is aimed at helping low and middle-income countries get access.
A few of the countries, though, including Chad, have expressed concerns about receiving the AstraZeneca vaccine through Covax for fear it might not protect as well against a variant first seen in South Africa.
Chad is expected to get some Pfizer doses next month if it can put in place the cold storage facilities needed to keep that vaccine safe in a country where temperatures soar each day to 43.5C (110F).
Some of the last countries also took more time to meet the requirements for receiving doses, including signing indemnity waivers with manufacturers and having distribution plans in place.
Those delays, though, now mean an even longer wait for places such as Burkina Faso, since a key vaccine manufacturer in India scaled back its global supply because of the catastrophic virus surge there.
“Now with global vaccine supply shortages, stemming in particular from the surge of cases in India and subsequently the Indian government’s sequestration of doses from manufacturers there, Burkina Faso risks even longer delays in receiving the doses it was slated to get,” said Donald Brooks, CEO of a US aid group engaged in the Covid-19 response there known as Initiative: Eau.
Frontline health workers in Burkina Faso say they are not sure why the government has not secured vaccines.
“We would have liked to have had it like other colleagues around the world,” said Chivanot Afavi, a supervising nurse who worked on the front line of the response until recently. “No one really knows what this disease will do to us in the future.”
In Haiti, not a single vaccine has been administered to the more than 11 million people who live in the most impoverished country of the Western hemisphere.
Haiti was due to receive 756,000 doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine via Covax, but government officials said they did not have the infrastructure needed to conserve them and worried about having to throw them away.
Several small island nations in the Pacific also have yet to receive any vaccines, although the lack of outbreaks in some of those places has meant there is less urgency with inoculation campaigns.
Vanuatu, with a population of 300,000, is waiting to receive its first doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine later this month, but it has recorded only three cases of coronavirus, all of them in quarantine.
