They are precise, small, able to engage a target in relatively large numbers like a swarm of wasps and above all, they are cheap.
In Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, drones have cemented their reputation as a potent, hard-to-stop and cost-effective weapon to seek out and destroy targets while simultaneously spreading the kind of terror that can fray the resolve of soldiers and civilians alike.
They are also quickly surpassing missiles as the remote weapon of choice because they can be put into any combat theatre in greater numbers much more cheaply.
Russia’s unleashing of successive waves of the Iranian-made Shahed drones over Ukraine has multiple aims: take out key targets, crush morale and ultimately drain the enemy’s war chest and weapons trying to defend against them as the conflict evolves into a longer war of attrition.
– How do they work?
The Shahed drones which Russia has rebranded as Geran-2 are packed with explosives and preprogrammed to loiter overhead until they nosedive into a target — reminiscent of Japan’s Second World War-era kamikaze pilots who would fly their explosive-laden aircraft into US warships and aircraft carriers during the war in the Pacific.
According to the Ukrainian online publication Defence Express, citing Iranian data, the delta-wing Shahed is 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) long, 2.5 meters (about eight feet) wide and weighs approximately 200 kilograms (440 pounds). It is powered by a 50-horsepower engine with a top speed of 114mph (185kph) and has a maximum range of 1,500 miles (2,500 kilometres).
The upside with the new technology is obvious — trained personnel do not need be sacrificed, nor does a huge amount of money have to be spent on building sophisticated aircraft to reach a target.
In Monday’s attack on the Ukrainian capital Kyiv, the city’s mayor, Vitali Klitschko, said 28 drones made up the successive attack waves. The ability to deploy the small aircraft in such large numbers at any one time may overwhelm defences, particularly in civilian areas.
But according to Mykola Bielieskov, a research fellow at Ukraine’s National Institute for Strategic Studies, the Shahed only carries a 40-kilogram (88-pound) explosive charge, which pales in comparison to the explosive force that a conventional missile’s 480-kilogram (1,050-pound) warhead can deliver at a much longer range.
“It is difficult to hit serious targets with such drones,” Mr Bielieskov said.
– Small punch but low cost
At a mere £17,554 apiece, the Shahed is only a tiny fraction of the cost of a more conventional, full-size missile. For example, Russia’s Kalibr cruise missiles that have seen widespread use in the nearly eight months of war cost the Russian military about £880,000 each.
At such a low cost, the Shahed can be deployed in massive numbers to saturate a target, whether it is a fuel depot or infrastructure and utilities like power or water stations.
Despite its small size, the Shahed’s explosive charge appears powerful enough to do the job. In Monday’s attacks, one drone struck an operations centre, while another slammed into a five-storey residential building, ripping a large hole in it and collapsing at least three apartments on top of each other, resulting in the deaths of three people.
Mr Bielieskov from Ukraine’s National Institute for Strategic Studies said the Russian military is opting to use Shaheds on civilian targets instead of the battlefield because Ukrainian forces have “learned how to fight them effectively”, managing to intercept a little more than half of them.
With no immediate end in sight, the financial burden of the conflict will weigh heavier on Moscow, which is not receiving billions in weapons transfers from Western nations like Ukraine is. As the conflict essentially becomes one of attrition — who can withstand that human, material and financial burden the longest — finding cheaper but still potent weapons will be key.
For Moscow, the Shahed appears to be such an alternative.
“Shahed-136 is a cheap version of a cruise missile, which Russia can’t produce fast,” said Mr Bielieskov.
Russian officials have not issued any data about the number of missiles fired during the conflict, but Ukraine’s defence minister recently alleged that Russia has used most of its high-precision missile arsenal — from 1,844 on the eve of Russia’s invasion to 609 by mid-October.
– War of nerves
The incessant buzzing of the propeller-driven Shahed drones dubbed “mopeds” by Ukrainians is equally potent for the terror that it can induce in anyone under its flightpath. That sound can only exacerbate the anxiety and chip away at the morale of any person not knowing exactly when and exactly where the weapon will strike.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky seized on the drones’ terror element, posting on social media: “The whole night, and the whole morning, the enemy terrorises the civilian population,” adding: “Kamikaze drones and missiles are attacking all of Ukraine.”
Mr Bielieskov conceded that Shahed drone strikes stir up fears among the population that Ukraine’s air defences are inadequate to meet the threat. But he said their use — even in large numbers — is not enough to reverse Ukraine’s battlefield gains.
Sky-borne terror weapons are of course nothing new — Nazi Germany employed them during the Second World War in the form of the V-1 flying bomb, the earliest type of cruise missile in the shape of a small aircraft which targeted British cities.
Eight decades later, the much smaller Shahed can be guided to its target at a much cheaper cost, potentially enabling Russian forces to launch many more of the drones than the 9,500 V-1s Nazi Germany launched on Britain.
