Activists use the hashtag #zimbabweanlivesmatter to encourage increased global pressure on President Emmerson Mnangagwa’s government.
Tens of thousands of people, from Jamaican reggae stars to US rap and hip-hop musicians, have joined African celebrities, politicians and former presidents in tweeting with the hashtag.
However, some analysts say online protests might not be enough to move Mr Mnangagwa, who increasingly relies on security forces to crush dissent despite promising reforms when he took power after a coup in 2017.
Tensions are rising anew in the once prosperous southern African country. Inflation is over 800%, amid acute shortages of water, electricity, fuel and bank notes and a health system collapsing under the weight of drug shortages and strikes by nurses and doctors.
Revelations of alleged corruption related to Covid-19 medical supplies led to the sacking of the health minister and further pressure on Mr Mnangagwa.
His government has responded to the rising dissent with arrests and alleged abductions and torture.
Before July, few Zimbabweans knew about Jacob Ngarivhume, a fringe opposition politician. Then he went on social media to announce an anti-government protest planned for the end of July.
Soon, #July31 swelled into a movement. The government panicked, jailed Ngarivhume and journalist Hopewell Chin’ono, deployed the military and police to thwart the protest and arrested dozens of people who tweeted about it.
Elias Mambo, publisher of ZimMorning Post, which publishes investigative stories online and on WhatsApp groups, said: “Social media is making waves in Zimbabwe.
“It is really helping people access information about government scandals faster and cheaper so it makes them want to act.”
Zimbabweans are turning to their computers and smartphones to protest. They are also splashing graffiti with colourful anti-government messages on the walls of stadiums, cemeteries and city buildings.
UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres and the chairman of the African Union Commission, Moussa Faki Mahamat, have expressed concern over the government’s alleged abuses.
“The online campaign massively helped place the political crisis and human rights abuses in Zimbabwe on the global map. Zimbabweans are realising that social media has a massive international influence,” said the Human Rights Watch director for southern Africa, Dewa Mavhinga.
Cyril Ramaphosa, president of neighbouring South Africa and chairman of the African Union, dispatched special envoys to meet Mr Mnangagwa.
But they returned without meeting the opposition despite having kept them on standby, prompting anger in Zimbabwe and South Africa.
Zimbabweans had earlier used social media to protest against the previous government of Robert Mugabe.
The army briefly allowed street protests in 2017, but only to use the crowds as pressure to force Mr Mugabe out. Now, activists say, the same military is making the streets dangerous for them.
“Digital activism cannot be ignored and cannot be confronted by traditional authoritarian tactics, as shown by the #zimbabweanlivesmatter campaign,” said Alexander Rusero, a political analyst based in the capital, Harare.
However, the latest online campaign, like previous ones, appears to have only hardened the government’s resolve to crush dissent.
In response to the online campaign amid renewed international pressure, Mr Mnangagwa used a national address to describe his rivals and critics as “destructive terrorist opposition groupings”, “dark forces” and “a few bad apples” that should be “flushed out”.
Security agents have continued arresting activists even after the July protest was foiled, according to human rights groups and the main opposition MDC Alliance party.
Analysts said such a hardline reaction shows that online campaigns without “ground activism” are unlikely to force the ruling Zanu-PF party to institute reforms that could weaken its hold on power and related economic benefits.
“Online activism needs to correlate to, and not supplant, ground activism. A delicate balance of the two will render Zanu-PF ineffective,” Mr Rusero said.
The ruling party “has demonstrated that it will do anything, including crude repression, to stay in power. So it is up to citizens and activists to raise the costs of abuses,” said Mr Mavhinga, whose rights group has been documenting alleged abuses.
“Keyboard warriors help to amplify the voices of agony from within Zimbabwe, but without robust and sustained campaigns on the ground, the social media campaigns would fizzle out,” he said.
Some activists are raising similar questions.
“Beyond tweeting about Hopewell (Chin’ono) and Jacob (Ngarivhume), what citizen actions can we do to put pressure for their release,” 21-year-old Namatai Kwekwedza tweeted days after the foiled protest.
She faces multiple charges related to breaching the peace for being one of the few Zimbabweans brave enough to participate in anti-government marches in recent months.
The activist faces a fine or up to five years in prison on each charge.
“Some of us are ready, (but) it only works with the numbers,” she said, adding: “This whole business of being too afraid is stupid.
“We are already dead. We have to fight for our future.”
